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Recorder reports
50NTSB Aircraft Accident Report AAR-10/01 (final report, ntsb.gov)
important input to the stick shaker, stick pusher, and low-speed cue calculations.
77 The stick shaker activation angle is a function ... changed from the increase to the off position at stick shaker
onset, the stick shaker would immediately stop, and the low-speed cue would appear
Aircraft Performance 13 - Airplane Performance Study Addendum 1
includes both a stall warning (aural cricket + stick
shaker) and a stick pusher. ATR has indicated that the stick pusher was installed ... when the ice protection system (IPS) is turned off.
The stick shaker angle-of-attack activation angle (or trigger angle) is lowered when
COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER 12 - STICK SHAKER SPECTRUM STUDY
performed in effort to identify any frequency content
consistent with stick shaker activation that is present during the period 22:16:34.1 EST
through ... inaudible or unidentifiable to the CVR
group. An area of known stick shaker activation was studied in order to obtain time and
frequency response information
Flight Data Recorder 10 - Specialist's Factual Report
Position (degrees)
44. Stabilizer-2 (deg) Stabilizer-2 Position (degrees)
45. Stick Shaker-1 Stick Shaker-1 (discrete)
46. Stick Shaker-2 Stick Shaker ... seconds later while at a computed airspeed
of 186 knots, Stick Shaker-1 and Stick Shaker-2 transitioned from “No Warn” to
“Warn
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE 13-EXHIBIT 13B-GROUP STUDY
data for an EICAS
caution alert event and a stick shaker activation event. Finally, calculated pilot eye height,
calculated Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) guidance ... Crew Alerting System (EICAS) caution alert AIRSPEED
LOW and the stick shaker activation events appear to match the available CVR data within
expected timing tolerances
Human Performance Study Report
degrees, which is four degrees
above the nominal setting for stick shaker activation.
Figure 2 shows the peak pitch rate recorded during takeoff ... When increased rotation rates were used, the pilots noted
that the stick shaker frequently activated, but usually for only short
periods of time. The pilots
12B - COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER SOUND SPECTRUM - SPECIALIST'S STUDY
DATA DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 8
4.1 Fire Warnings ....................................................................................................... 9
4.2 Stick Shaker .......................................................................................................... 9
D. FIGURES AND TABLES ................................................................................................. 10
CVR SOUND SPECTRUM DCA26MA024
SPECIALIST'S STUDY ... Engine 1 fire warning.
After this test was completed, a stick shaker system test was performed in
accordance with the MD-11 AMM task
Flight Data Recorder 10 - Specialist's Factual Report
Activation Stick Pusher-L
R Pusher Activation Stick Pusher-R
L Stick Shaker Stick Shaker-L
R Stick Shaker Stick Shaker-R
L Total ... from approximately 1800’ radio altitude. Plot 6 shows the
auto-pilot, stick shaker and stick pusher discrete parameters for the same timeframe as
Plot
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER GROUP CHAIRMAN'S FACTUAL REPORT
GROUP CHAIR'S FACTUAL REPORT PG 7 OF 35
[page 8]
• Stick shaker activation was recorded for two seconds ... feet and 112.5 kts. The aircraft’s pitch reduced
following the stick shaker activation.
• The aircraft touched down at 15:10:47 at about
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER 10-EXHIBIT A-FACTUAL REPORT OF GROUP CHAIRMAN
ft/min at impact and pitch attitude
began to increase until the stick shaker activated about 4 seconds before impact.
• At about 500' radio altitude ... lowest
airspeed during the approach of approximately 103 knots and the stick shaker
activated. At this time N1 was increasing through 50% and pitch attitude
10A - FLIGHT DATA RECORDER GROUP CHAIRMAN'S FACTUAL REPORT
TRANSIT
(Near Ret). Slat Disagree changed from AGREE to DISAGREE. The Stick
Shaker-2 state changed to ACTIVE and remained ACTIVE throughout
the remainder ... flight. The Stick Shaker-1 state changed to ACTIVE
and remained ACTIVE throughout the remainder of the flight except at
data points recorded
Aircraft Performance 13 - Performance Study
have been manually disconnected by the pilots, by the onset of stick shaker, or
when the force on the column or wheel exceeded ... seemed to be
working normally.
Stick shaker activation
The FDR did not include stick shaker activation as a recorded parameter and the cockpit voice
recorder
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER - SPECIALISTA��S FACTUAL REPORT
Stabilizer-1 deg
Stabilizer Position 2 Stabilizer-2 de g
Stick Shaker 1 Stick Shaker-1
Stick Shaker 2 Stick Shaker-2
Total Air Temperature
Challenger 600-2B16 Simulation Study
alpha vane q) for the simulator runs is compared to
the stick shaker and stick pusher activation angles for the various center of gravity
locations ... Simulation Data
35 35% mac c.g.
30
25
Stick Pusher
20 Stick Shaker
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE 13-GROUP STUDY ADDENDUM
sound of quadruple
chime],” “speed,” “[sound similar to stick shaker… ],” and “oh # go around” were recorded.
The FDR angle of attack and radio altitude parameters ... seconds) on the horizontal axis: radio altitude, corrected computed airspeed, stick
shaker, left engine throttle resolver angle, left engine calculated net thrust, calculated vertical
speed
Flight Data Recorder 10 - Specialist's Factual Report
Status
56. Slat8 In Trans (discrete) Slat8 In Transit Status
57. Stick Shaker-L Left Stick Shaker
58. Stick Shaker-R Right Stick Shaker
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER - SPECIALISTA��S FACTUAL REPORT
parameters listed in table A-1 are plotted except Stick Pusher, Stick Shaker, Time GMT
Hours, Time GMT Minutes, and Time GMT Seconds. Stick Pusher ... Stick Shaker
remained off for the entire flight.
Figures 1, 2, and 4 contain basic parameters, as well as autopilot status, master caution,
master warning
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER SPECIALIST'S FACTUAL REPORT
second before the activation, the
stick shaker became active at a recorded angle of attack of 15 degrees. A peak vertical
acceleration ... Roll Angle
13. Gear WOW (discrete) Gear Weight On Wheels
14. Stick Shaker (discrete) Stick Shaker
15. Stick Pusher (discrete) Stick Pusher
16. Warn Master
NTSB Aircraft Accident Report AAR-19/02 (final report, ntsb.gov)
indicators (on the instrument panel at both pilot positions), a stick shaker and stick pusher
that could be felt through both sets of controls ... signals.24 The
system produces tactile indications of a stall via the stick shaker, which causes the control column
to vibrate, and visual indications
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE GROUP STUDY ATTACHMENTS 1 - 4
aircraft is clean.
01:40:11.0 Sounds possibly consistent with momentary stick shaker.
01:40:13.0 CA mentioned they’re in a descent ... EGPWS Too Low Terrain callout.
01:44:28.0 Sound similar to stick shaker, approximately 1.7 seconds.
01:44:33.9 EGPWS Too Low Gear callout
GROUP CHAIRMAN’S FACTUAL REPORT OF INVESTIGATION
Approximately six seconds later the sound
similar to the stick shaker was recorded. This was followed by several aircraft system
alerts and warnings ... seven oh one stand by.
2154:38
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker]
2154:39
CAM [sound similar to auto pilot disconnect]
DC05MA003
[page
Cockpit Voice Recorder 12 - Factual Report of Group Chairman
blue, you'll get shaker....
1428:22
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker]
1428:22
HOT-1 ...then you'll get pusher ... sound similar to stick shaker sounds for 2.2 seconds]
1449:52.19
HOT-1 whew.
1449:53.12
HOT-3 what are you doing
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
roll quickly to the right (Figure 4). At 0615:02, the
stick shaker activated. The aircraft’s maximum roll attitude, which coincided with the stick ... longitudinal load factors for the end of the flight.
The stick shaker activated when one of the aircraft’s two angle of attack (AoA) sensors
Flight Data Recorder 10 - Factual Report of Group Chairman
recorded was 3.113 g’s during 06:06:35.
• The right stick shaker became “active” during 06:06:33. The following second
the left stick ... left and right stick pusher became “active.” The
final right stick shaker status recorded was “not active” during 06:06:35.
• Left and right angle
COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER - FACTUAL REPORT OF GROUP CHAIR
landing right here.
15:10:21.0
CAM [sound consistent with stick shaker]
15:10:21.9
HOT-2 where?
15:10:22.7
HOT-1 straight ahead ... pull up. [electronic voice]
15:10:39.6
CAM [sound consistent with stick shaker]
15:10:40.5
HOT-2 this # airplane.
15:10:41.3
EGPWS pull
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE GROUP STUDY - TEXT
respective regions
bounded by solid blue lines. The airplane stick shaker, enroute climb, and recommended
maneuver speeds in knots calibrated airspeed (KCAS) are summarized ... Recommended Maneuver Speed 210 190 170
Enroute Climb Speed 198 ---- ----
Stick Shaker Speed 159 129 122
The calculated total engine thrust during the latter portion
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER - SPECIALISTA��S FACTUAL REPORT
Heading Selected Heading deg
Selected Vertical Speed Selected Vertical Speed fpm
Stick Shaker Stick Shaker
Temp SAT Static Air Temperature degC
Time GMT Hrs Greenwich
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER SPECIALIST'S FACTUAL REPORT
Position deg
102. Stab Pos Analog Horizontal Stabilizer Position deg
103. Stick Shaker Stick Shaker Active -
104. Temp TAT Total Air Temperature
Flight Data Recorder (FDR) Group Chairman's Factual Report
Move (discrete) Stabilizer Trim Unscheduled Move
55. Stabilizer (deg) Stabilizer
56. Stick Shaker #1/#2 (discrete) Stick Shaker 1/2
57. TE Flap Pos LI/LO
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE GROUP STUDY ATTACHMENTS 5 - 9 (A7 FULL RELEASE)
heading of 60 degrees
38 10,042.95
Sound similar to stick shaker, approximately 1.7
39 10,113.15 seconds
Sound similar to stick shaker, approximately ... suggest that stick shaker may have been active at least momentarily for up to 4
occurrences. Simulation data indicate intermittent stick shaker activation between time
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE 13-EXHIBIT 13A CRASH SITE FACTUAL REPORT AND ATTACHMENTS 1-10
stick shaker activation for the current g load. If the g load is increased during
maneuvering, the stick shaker activation speed increases also.
Note: Stick ... Stick Shaker
Maneuver Margins to Stick Shaker
The following figures are representative illustrations of airplane maneuver margin
or bank capability to stick shaker
AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE STUDY
pilot receives can be trusted:
https://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=14974&omniRss=fact_sheetsAoc&cid=103_F_S
2 A momentary stick shaker was recorded at 11:10:5.1 EST following the Captain’s call ... 145XR, March 4, 2019
first second
approach approach
on ground
Stick shaker triggered
on first approach
ANU
ANU elevator input that likely caused stick shaker
Group Chairman’s Factual Report of Investigation
that they were “going back.”
After a sound similar to the stick shaker was recorded, the Captain declared an
emergency to Sacramento approach control ... decreasing engine rpm]
19:49:29
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker]
19:49:30
CAM-2 oh #.
19:49:30
CAM-1 push forward
Aircraft Performance 13 - Study and Attachments 1-4
considered reliable: PFD attitude, groundspeed
readout, engine N1, and stick shaker. The procedure directs pilots to disengage the autoflight
systems, stabilize airplane pitch and thrust ... knots or greater throughout the incident
time period and the stick shaker did not activate. Based on the QRH emergency procedure
thrust/pitch tables12
Aircraft Performance 13E - ATR Flap and Stall Warning Systems
Page 13
[page 15]
STALL PROTECTION SYSTEM - Operation
Cricket
CAPT stick
shaker
Crew Alerting
RH AOA
Computer
probe F/O stick
A/P
sshhaakkeerr
LH AOA
probe ... Page 14
[page 16]
STALL PROTECTION SYSTEM -
Operation cont'd
Stick shaker + cricket thresholds depend on :
(cid:132)
• icing conditions (activated through horn anti-icing
NTSB Aircraft Accident Report AAR-16/03 (final report, ntsb.gov)
recorded a rattling sound consistent with the activation of the stick shaker. At
1452:30.1, the CVR again recorded sound consistent with the stick shaker ... similar to stick shaker]
14:52:28.3
HOT-2
got it.
14:52:30.1
CAM
[sound of rattle, similar to stick shaker
Aircraft Performance 13 - Group Chairman's Aircraft Performance Study
plot of Figure 25 shows the stick shaker discretes recorded by the FTIS. These
indicate that the stick shaker “active” signals are consistent with ... threshold for the stick-shaker stall
warning corresponding to the Mach number and flap setting at the time, and the stick-shaker
discretes recorded
Cockpit Voice Recorder 12 - Factual Report of Group Chairman (Transcript)
yeah.
05:40:59.9
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker test]
05:41:04.6
CAM-4 glideslope whoop whoop, pull up, wind shear, wind shear ... unintelligible exclamation]
06:06:33.8
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker]
06:06:34.7
CAM [sound of chime]
06:06:34.7
CAM [sound similar
COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER - GROUP CHAIR'S FACTUAL REPORT
RECORDING
START OF SUMMARY
0006:11.2 [sounds consistent with a stick shaker were noted]
0012:38.6 [various latching and mechanical fidgeting noises
were noted ... stand by.
RDO-1
0140:11.0 [sounds possibly similar to momentary stick shaker,
CAM approximately 1.8 seconds duration]
0140:11.2 (what's this
NTSB Aircraft Accident Report AAR-03/02 (final report, ntsb.gov)
engine rpm, followed by a
sound similar to the airplane’s stick shaker. About 1949:30, the first officer stated, “oh
[expletive],” and the captain ... recorded a sound similar to the airplane’s stick shaker activating;
about 1 second later, the captain repeated, “bring it around.”
The CVR transcript indicated
Cockpit Voice Recorder 12-A - Group Chairman Factual Report
uhhh.
22:16:27.4
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker lasting 6.7 seconds]
22:16:27.7
HOT [sound similar to autopilot disconnect horn repeats until ... Jesus Christ.
22:16:35.4
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker lasting until end of recording]
22:16:37.1
HOT-2 I put the flaps
Cockpit Voice Recorder 12 - Factual Report of Group Chairman
sink rate, pull up” followed by a sound similar to the stick
shaker. At 1645:21, the CVR recorded a sound similar to the electronic ... pull up [electronic voice].
16:45:20.1
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker].
16:45:21.0
HOT [stall warning warbling electronic tone
Cockpit Voice Recorder 12 - Factual Report of Group Chairman
approximately 0752:52, the CVR recorded sounds similar to the stick shaker,
and the captain commented “little shaker.” The aircraft continued to perform takeoffs
Cockpit Voice Recorder 12 - Factual Report of Group Chairman
fault
1811 :31
CAM [sound similar to aircraft stall warning stick shaker starts and
continues to end of recording]
[page
Cockpit Voice Recorder - Factual Report
warning horn followed by a rattling sound consistent with a stick shaker.
At 1254:59 MST, United 1676 reported that they had experienced severe
turbulence
COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER - GROUP CHAIRMAN'S FACTUAL REPORT
sounds similar to stick shaker].
11:10:06.5
HOT-1 no no no, yeah yeah
COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER - GROUP CHAIRMAN'S FACTUAL REPORT AND TRANSCRIPT OF INVESTIGATION
recording]
07:42:32.0
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker]
07:42:32.1
RDO-TWR Envoy forty - * -twenty five do you require assistance
Aircraft Performance 13 - Group Chairman's Aircraft Performance Study
between Comair 5054, Comair 3272, Westair, Intercycle and Clean
1.20
CL Current Shaker Setting = 10.2 deg Body AOA
1.10
1.00
Uncontaminated (Clean)
Intercycle
0.90
Contaminated ... this flight and reduced the angle of attack
from the stick shaker angle of 10 degrees by pushing the column forward to
reach 4 degrees
Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript
Tower on one eighteen—.
01:09:42.1
CAM [sound similar to stick shaker]
01:09:45.2
CAM [sound of two thumps
NTSB Aircraft Accident Report AAR-07/02 (final report, ntsb.gov)
stall warning/protection systems that provide
a cockpit warning (aural warning and/or stick shaker) before the onset of stall
when the airplane is operating in icing
Cockpit voice
44CEN16MA0362015-11-10 · BRITISH AEROSPACE HS 125 700A
14:52:27.4CAM[sound of rattle, similar to stick shaker]
CEN16MA0362015-11-10 · BRITISH AEROSPACE HS 125 700A
14:52:30.1CAM[sound of rattle, similar to stick shaker]
CHI01MA0062000-10-10 · Canadair CL600-2B16
14:28:22CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
CHI01MA0062000-10-10 · Canadair CL600-2B16
14:49:51.98CAM[sound similar to stick shaker sounds for 2.2 seconds]
CHI01MA0062000-10-10 · Canadair CL600-2B16
14:49:57.17CAM[sound similar to stick shaker for 0.15 seconds]
CHI01MA0062000-10-10 · Canadair CL600-2B16
14:49:57.95CAM[sound similar to stick shaker for 0.22 seconds]
CHI01MA0062000-10-10 · Canadair CL600-2B16
14:49:58.67CAM[sound similar to stick shaker for 0.3 seconds]
DCA00MA0262000-02-17 · Douglas DC-8-71F
19:49:29CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA00MA0262000-02-17 · Douglas DC-8-71F
19:50:48CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA00MA0262000-02-17 · Douglas DC-8-71F
19:49:29CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA00MA0262000-02-17 · Douglas DC-8-71F
19:50:48CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA00MA0302000-03-06 · Boeing 737-300
18:10:55CAM[sound similar to aircraft stall warning stick shaker starts and continues to end of recording] 22 of 24 iN T RA-CO CKP iT C 0 M M U Ni C AT IO N AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATION
DCA05MA0032004-10-14 · Canadair CL-600
21:54:38CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA05MA0032004-10-14 · Canadair CL-600
21:54:47CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA05MA0032004-10-14 · Canadair CL-600
21:54:52CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA05MA0032004-10-14 · Canadair CL-600
21:54:56CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA06MA0092005-12-09 · Boeing 737-700
19:13:48.1CAM[sound similar to stick shaker].
DCA06MA0642006-08-27 · Bombardier, Inc. CRJ-100
05:40:59.9CAM[sound similar to stick shaker test]
DCA06MA0642006-08-27 · Bombardier, Inc. CRJ-100
06:06:33.8CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA08FA0182007-12-16 · BOMBARDIER CL600-2B19
16:45:20.1CAM[sound similar to stick shaker].
DCA08MA0762008-06-28 · BOEING 767
21:46:22.4CAM[sound similar to stick shaker].
DCA08RA0772008-07-06 · MCDONNELL DOUGLAS DC-9-15
01:09:42.1CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA09MA0272009-02-13 · BOMBARDIER INC DHC-8-402
22:16:27.4CAM[sound similar to stick shaker lasting 6.7 seconds]
DCA09MA0272009-02-13 · BOMBARDIER INC DHC-8-402
22:16:35.4CAM[sound similar to stick shaker lasting until end of recording]
DCA09MA0272009-02-13 · BOMBARDIER INC DHC-8-402
22:16:27.4CAM[sound similar to stick shaker lasting 6.7 seconds]
DCA09MA0272009-02-13 · BOMBARDIER INC DHC-8-402
22:16:35.4CAM[sound similar to stick shaker lasting until end of recording]
DCA09MA0272009-02-13 · BOMBARDIER INC DHC-8-402
22:16:27.4CAM[sound similar to stick shaker lasting 6.7 seconds]
DCA09MA0272009-02-13 · BOMBARDIER INC DHC-8-402
22:16:35.4CAM[sound similar to stick shaker lasting until end of recording]
DCA13MA1202013-07-06 · BOEING 777-200ER
11:27:46.4CAM[sound similar to stick shaker lasting for approximately 2.24 seconds]
DCA19FA0892019-03-04 · Embraer EMB145
11:10:06.4HOT[sounds similar to stick shaker].
DCA20LA0132019-11-11 · Embraer EMB145
07:42:32.0CAM[sound similar to stick shaker]
DCA21FA1742021-07-02 · BOEING 737-275C
01:40:11.0CAM[sounds possibly similar to momentary stick shaker, approximately 1.8 seconds duration]
DCA21FA1742021-07-02 · BOEING 737-275C
01:43:37.2HOT-2pull back to the stick shaker.
DCA21FA1742021-07-02 · BOEING 737-275C
01:44:28.0CAM[sound similar to stick shaker, approximately 1.7 seconds duration]
DCA21FA1742021-07-02 · BOEING 737-275C
01:44:39.8CAM[sound similar to stick shaker, approximately 1.6 seconds duration]
DCA21FA1742021-07-02 · BOEING 737-275C
01:44:55.3CAM[sound similar to stick shaker, approximately 2.6 seconds duration]
DCA21FA1742021-07-02 · BOEING 737-275C
01:44:59.9CAM[sound similar to stick shaker, approximately 3.3 seconds duration]
DCA21FA1742021-07-02 · BOEING 737-275C
01:45:06.4CAM[sound similar to stick shaker, approximately 4.1 seconds duration]
DCA21FA1742021-07-02 · BOEING 737-275C
01:45:12.0CAM[sound similar to stick shaker, remained active throughout the duration of the recording]
ERA24FA1102024-02-09 · BOMBARDIER INC CL-600-2B16
15:10:21.0CAM[sound consistent with stick shaker]
ERA24FA1102024-02-09 · BOMBARDIER INC CL-600-2B16
15:10:39.6CAM[sound consistent with stick shaker]
ERA24FA1102024-02-09 · BOMBARDIER INC CL-600-2B16
15:10:42.1CAM[sound consistent with stick shaker]
ERA24FA1102024-02-09 · BOMBARDIER INC CL-600-2B16
15:10:42.8CAM[sound of clacking consistent with continuous stick shaker]
ERA24FA1102024-02-09 · BOMBARDIER INC CL-600-2B16
15:10:43.4CAM[sound of clacking consistent with continuous stick shaker]
Findings
10DCA25LA0932025-01-24 · BOEING 787-8 · United Airlines
stick shaker activation was recorded. Twenty seconds later the autopilot was reengaged
DCA21FA1742021-07-02 · BOEING 737-275C · RHOADES AVIATION INC
The flight crewmembers’ misidentification of the damaged engine (after leveling off the
DCA20CA0382019-12-16 · Embraer EMB 135KL · Envoy Air Inc
an encounter with convectively induced turbulence while overflying an area of known
DCA13IA0582013-02-07 · BOMBARDIER INC CL-600-2B19 · PSA Airlines, Inc.
the captain's inappropriate climb speed, his failure to monitor airspeed during
DCA12IA1412012-09-05 · DE HAVILLAND DHC8 · ERA AVIATION INC
an in-flight loss of control due to the flight crew's
DCA09MA0272009-02-13 · BOMBARDIER INC DHC-8-402 · COLGAN AIR INC
stick shaker, which led to an aerodynamic stall from which the airplane
DCA08FA0752008-06-14 · DOUGLAS MD-10 · FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP
The flight crew's failure to adequately monitor the airplane's airspeed
LAX06IA0762006-01-02 · Saab-Scania AB (Saab) SF340B+ · American Eagle Airlines, Inc.
An in-flight loss of control due to ice accreted in supercooled
LAX04LA0502003-11-14 · Boeing 747-422 · UNITED AIR LINES INC
a tail strike due to a combination of the wind shifting from
DCA01MA0312001-03-19 · Embraer EMB-120 · COMAIR INC
the failure of the flight crew to maintain airspeed during an encounter