FlarePath

What happened

NTSB summary, verbatim

The flight crew was conducting a straight-in approach during visual meteorological conditions. The approach was backed up by an instrument landing system and was stable at 1000 feet above touchdown. During the final approach the crew noted an increasing tailwind. As the first officer (FO) entered the flare, the “retard” automatic callout sounded; this automatic call-out is designed to remind the pilot to move the thrust levers to idle. Despite the callout, the thrust levers remained at climb and the autothrust system commanded increased engine power in an attempt to recover airspeed. The airplane touched down, but then bounced as a result of excess thrust and the position of the thrust levers forward of idle, which prevented deployment of the spoilers. The FO then retarded the thrust levers, which allowed spoiler deployment, and the airplane touched down firmly. During the second touchdown, the FO began pitching the airplane nose up to about 12.5 degrees, which is greater than the specified maximum pitch angle and which resulted in the tailstrike. The captain attempted to add nose-down pitch to prevent the tailstrike but was too late. The aircraft experienced heavy abrasions, dents, and perforations of the skin; the aft galley drain mast and two aircraft antennas were broken; the auxiliary power unit air intake sustained damage and the rear pressure bulkhead was buckled and cracked.

Photographs

4the aircraft, and what the investigators found

The aircraft before the accident

Wreckage and site documentation · 3 photographs from the docket

Photographs are NTSB docket attachments — works of the US government, in the public domain. Captions are the Board’s own.

Probable cause

the Board's determination

The first officer’s excessive pitch-up of the airplane while landing with a tailwind, which resulted in a tailstrike following a bounced landing. Contributing to the bounced landing were a high descent rate and excessive thrust resulting from the first officer’s delay in retarding the thrust levers to idle, thereby providing residual thrust and preventing spoiler deployment.

Occurrence sequence

1 stepsNTSB coding · CICTT taxonomy

1 · Landing-flare/touchdown
Tailstrike
defining event

Findings

4 causal · 1 contributing

CAUSE
Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability › Performance/control parameters › Pitch control — Incorrect use/operation
CAUSE
Personnel issues › Task performance › Use of equip/info › Aircraft control — Copilot
CAUSE
Aircraft › Aircraft power plant › Engine controls › Power lever — Incorrect use/operation
CAUSE
Personnel issues › Task performance › Use of equip/info › Use of equip/system — Copilot
FACTOR
Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena › Wind › Tailwind — Effect on operation

NTSB analysis

from the final report

The flight crew was conducting a straight-in approach during visual meteorological conditions. The approach was backed up by an instrument landing system and was stable at 1000 feet above touchdown. During the final approach the crew noted an increasing tailwind. As the first officer (FO) entered the flare, the “retard” automatic callout sounded; this automatic call-out is designed to remind the pilot to move the thrust levers to idle. Despite the callout, the thrust levers remained at climb and the autothrust system commanded increased engine power in an attempt to recover airspeed. The airplane touched down, but then bounced as a result of excess thrust and the position of the thrust levers forward of idle, which prevented deployment of the spoilers. The FO then retarded the thrust levers, which allowed spoiler deployment, and the airplane touched down firmly. During the second touchdown, the FO began pitching the airplane nose up to about 12.5 degrees, which is greater than the specified maximum pitch angle and which resulted in the tailstrike. The captain attempted to add nose-down pitch to prevent the tailstrike but was too late. The aircraft experienced heavy abrasions, dents, and perforations of the skin; the aft galley drain mast and two aircraft antennas were broken; the auxiliary power unit air intake sustained damage and the rear pressure bulkhead was buckled and cracked.

AIRBUS A320NORTHWEST AIRLINES INC